Advanced Reading Material

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An Indonesian & Malay Grammar For Students The Grammar is divided into 12 chapters. The sound system is discussed in chapter one. Chapter two handles main sentence patterns, phrases, clauses and coordinating conjunctions. Chapter three has the tense and aspect systems explained. Chapter four looks in some detail at the various pronouns, discussing formal and informal personal pronouns, as well as demonstrative, locative, interrogative and indefinite pronouns. Verbal affixes are examined in chapter five. The prefixes meng-, ber-, di-, and ter-, are introduced and compared, as are the suffixes -kan and -i. In chapter six the nominal affixes are presented. These include the agent prefixes peng-, and pe- and the process and state affixes peng-an and per-an. Chapter seven examines some general affixes, such as those indicating equivalence (se-), emphasis (-lah), and interrogation (-kah). Various types of comparisons and differences are examined in chapter eight. Chapter nine looks at the form and meaning of reduplication, meanings such as individuality, intensity and emphasis, repetitiveness, continuation, generality and reciprocity. Chapter ten discusses the negatives, bukan, tidak and jangan, and the tag questions, tak, kan and kok. Chapter eleven looks at numbers and time. Chapter twelve is a general chapter in which a number of terms which frequently cause students problems are discussed and compared. Included here are comparisons between minta and tanya, memang and tentu, juga, pun and pula. Also various terms of obligation, such as sepatutnya, seharusnya, sebaiknya, and many others.